ABSTRACT Introduction: Hormonal contraception, through subdermal implants, is one of the most effective long active reversal contraceptive methods currently available in our country for free in the public system. Objective: Recognize the adverse effects and the reasons for its withdrawal in users of the Hospital de Clínicas as well as to evaluate the information received by the users at the time of placement. Methodology: A total of 160 patients participated in the work with prior informed consent through a survey. Descriptive statistics were used in absolute and percentage numbers. They received information on the probable adverse effects of the 83% pre-use method, about the effectiveness of the 89% method. Results: Regarding adverse effects, they were present in 80.6% of the users; the being irregularity of menstruation is the most frequent, constituting 61%. Concluding that the frequency of patients presenting with adverse effects and requesting removal of the implant before the time is high because of it, 35% of the users who requested removal menstrual irregularities were the main reason for 43% of patients. Conclusions: It is advisable to make a correct advice prior to placement and encourage patients to attend medical controls, after placement, to provide advice and treatment if any adverse effect occurs, in order to give better use in terms of method time.

RESUMEN Introducción: La anticoncepción hormonal, a través de implantes subdérmicos, es uno de los métodos anticonceptivos reversibles de larga duración más eficaces en la actualidad que está disponible en nuestro país en forma gratuita en el sistema público. Objetivo: Reconocer los efectos adversos y los motivos de retiro del Implante Jadelle® en usuarias del Hospital de Clínicas, así como evaluar la información recibida por las usuarias al momento de la colocación. Material y métodos: Un total de 160 pacientes participaron en el estudio a través de una encuesta previo consentimiento informado. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva en números absolutos y porcentuales. Resultados: Previo al uso, recibieron información sobre los probables efectos adversos del método el 83% de ellas, y acerca de la efectividad del método el 89 %. En cuanto a efectos adversos los presentaron el 80,6% de las usuarias, siendo la irregularidad de la menstruación la causa más frecuente constituyendo un 61%. Conclusiones: Es alta la frecuencia de pacientes que presentan efectos adversos y que solicitan retiro del implante antes del tiempo a causa de ello, 35% de las usuarias, siendo el principal motivo la irregularidad menstrual en un 43% de los casos. Es recomendable realizar un correcto asesoramiento previo a la colocación e incentivar a las pacientes a concurrir a los controles médicos, luego de la colocación, para brindar asesoramiento y tratamiento si se presentara algún efecto adverso, con el fin de obtener una mejor continuidad de uso del método.

ABSTRACT The Ti-β alloys have become highly demanded in industry, due to their good physical and chemical characteristics. In the present work, a Ti-13Ta-3Sn (%at) alloy was synthesized using mechanical alloying (MA) between the times of 2 and 100h. The alloys were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and analyzed by the Rietveld method with the MAUD software. The microstructural changes and the evolution of the Ti-α and Ti-β phases were characterized. Identifying the presence of a new metastable fcc phase and the synthesis of an alloy with 79.80%wt of Ti-β phase, both alloys with nanometric crystallite size.

RESUMEN Las aleaciones Ti-β se han vuelto altamente demandadas en la industria, por sus buenas características físicas y químicas. En el presente trabajo, se sintetizó una aleación Ti-13Ta-3Sn (%at) por aleado mecánico con tiempos entre 2 y 100h. Las aleaciones se caracterizaron por difracción de rayos X (DRX) y los patrones se analizaron por el método Rietveld con el software MAUD. Se caracterizaron los cambios microestructurales y la evolución de las fases Ti-α y Ti-β. Se identificó la presencia una nueva fase metaestable fcc y la síntesis de una aleación con un 79,80% en peso de fase Ti-β, ambas con tamaño de cristalita nanométrico.

Oxidative stress has been associated with the development of many chronic and degenerative diseases in canines. The presence of antioxidants in food contributes to the reduction of the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS). Polyphenols are a group of substances with high antioxidant activity and play an important role in the prevention of diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the composition, the antioxidant capacity and the polyphenol content of dog feeds from different commercial segments. Nineteen dog foods from four commercial segments: popular, economic, premium and super premium were randomly selected. Through a bromatological analysis the composition of each feed was evaluated. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total phenolic content (TFC) were measured through the ABTS and Folin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively. Analysis of variance and correlation were performed. Dog feeds of the premium and super premium segments presented higher proportions of crude protein and fat, and lower crude fiber, ash, calcium and phosphorus, in comparison with feeds of the popular and economic segments (p<0.05). For the popular, economic, premium and super premium segments, TFC values of 160. µmol Trolox/L sample were determined, respectively (p0.05). A positive correlation was found between crude fiber content and TFC (r = 0.47, p0.05). It is concluded that commercial segmentation of the dog feeds is not reflected in its antioxidant contribution and a higher crude fiber content, typical of feeds of the popular and economic segments, is positively associated with the content of phenols.

El estrés oxidativo se ha asociado con el desarrollo de muchas enfermedades crónicas y degenerativas en los caninos. La presencia de antioxidantes en los alimentos contribuye a la reducción de los efectos nocivos de las especies reactivas de oxígeno (EROS) y nitrógeno (ERNS). Los polifenoles son un grupo de sustancias con alta actividad antioxidante y juegan un papel importante en la prevención de enfermedades. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la relación entre la composición, la capacidad antioxidante y el contenido de polifenoles de concentrados para perros de diferentes segmentos comerciales. Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 19 alimentos para perros de cuatro segmentos comerciales: popular, económico, premium y super premium. Mediante un análisis bromatológico se evaluó la composición de cada alimento. Se midió la capacidad antioxidante total (CAT) y el contenido fenólico total (FT) a través de los métodos ABTS y Folin-Ciocalteu, respectivamente. Se realizaron análisis de varianza y de correlación. Los concentrados de los segmentos premium y super premium presentaron proporciones mayores de proteína cruda y grasa, y menores de fibra cruda, cenizas, calcio y fósforo en comparación con los concentrados de los segmentos popular y económico (p0.05). Para los segmentos popular, económico, premium y super premium se encontraron valores de FT de 160.1 0.05). Se concluye que la segmentación comercial de los concentrados para perros no está reflejada en su aporte antioxidante y que un mayor contenido de fibra cruda, propio de concentrados de los segmentos popular y económico, está asociado positivamente con el contenido de fenoles.

Este artículo presenta un análisis biomecánico de una sección de columna lumbar (L2-L3-L4) considerando que existe un daño inducido en uno de los discos intervertebrales. En este estudio, se utilizaron especímenes de columna lumbar de cerdo debido a su gran similitud biomecánica con la del ser humano. Las secciones lumbares fueron ensayadas bajo carga axial de compresión. Se analizaron cinco casos de estudio, el primero de ellos fue la sección lumbar de columna con el disco intervertebral sano. Para los casos restantes, se indujo una lesión en el disco intervertebral ubicado entre L2 y L3 dividiéndolo en cuatro cuadrantes: anterior, posterior, derecho e izquierdo. Para cada uno de estos casos, la lesión en el disco se indujo haciendo una incisión con bisturí desde el anillo fibroso hasta llegar al núcleo pulposo abarcando todo el cuadrante. Los elementos posteriores (pedículos y facetas articulares) fueron retirados manteniendo así solo los cuerpos vertebrales y los discos intervertebrales (unidad de carga); lo que simula una fusión vertebral. El campo de esfuerzos completo en L3, se observó utilizando fotoelasticidad reflectiva. Los resultados muestran que la lesión del disco intervertebral propicia un aumento en los esfuerzos observados en L3 a través del polariscopio, en comparación con el caso de un disco sano, siendo el caso más crítico cuando el daño está situado en el cuadrante posterior. En los otros tres casos (anterior, derecho e izquierdo), la lesión en el disco intervertebral no produce un aumento significativo del campo de esfuerzos observado en L3; sin embargo, el espacio interdiscal se reduce considerablemente, lo que compromete la integridad estructural de la columna lumbar.

This paper presents an experimental evaluation of the structural integrity of the lumbar section (L2-L3-L4) considering a damaged intervertebral disc. In this study, porcine specimens were used due to the similarity of the mechanical properties of those of the human spine. The lumbar section L2-L3-L4 was tested under compression. Five cases were analyzed; in the first one, the lumbar section consisted of healthy intervertebral discs. For the other four cases, the disc located between L2 and L3 was divided into four quadrants: front, back, left and right. For each of these cases, a damage condition was induced by making an incision from the annular fibers to the pulpous nucleus, covering each quadrant; the back elements (pedicles and facet joint) were removed and only the vertebral bodies and discs were tested. As a damaged intervertebral disc is unable to properly perform its mechanical function, the load transferred from L2 to L3 through the disc is no longer optimal. The actual stress field on L3, considering the damaged disc, was obtained using reflective photoelasticity for each one of the previously mentioned study cases. The results show that the induced damage in the intervertebral discs increases the stresses on L3 considerably when compared to the case of an undamaged disc, being the most critical when the damage is located in the back quadrant of the disc. In the other three cases, the damaged disc does not reduce the structural integrity of the vertebral body significantly. However, the inter-vertebrae space is reduced as a result of the damage, thus compromising the structural integrity of the studied lumbar section.

Comportamentos sedentários estão associados com menos atividade física. Pouca evidência existe sobre esta associação relacionada ao tempo de viagem na América Latina. Este estudo analisou a associação entre o tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e os níveis de atividade física, nos domínios e atividade física de lazer e transporte entre adultos Colombianos em áreas urbanas. Uma análise secundária da Pesquisa Nacional de Nutrição de 2010 foi realizada. O tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e atividade física foram avaliados utilizando Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física. Regressões logísticas binárias foram realizados. O tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor por 120 minutos ou mais foi relatado em 27,6% da amostra. A prevalência de caminhar ou andar de bicicleta para o transporte de pelo menos 150 minutos por semana foi de 34,0% e 4,4%, respectivamente. Alcançar pelo menos 150 minutos de atividade física de lazer em uma semana foi relatado em 18,4% da amostra. Este estudo sugere associações negativas entre tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e transporte ativo, com associações significativas de tendências na análise estratificada. Não houve diferenças significativas encontradas entre tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e atividade física de lazer.

Sedentary behaviors are associated with less physical activity. Little evidence exists about this association and its relation with commuting time in Latin America. This study examined the association between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and physical activity levels in the domains of leisure time physical activity and transportation, among Colombian adults in urban areas. A secondary data analysis of the 2010 National Nutrition Survey was conducted. Time spent traveling in motor vehicles and physical activity were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Binary logistic regressions were conducted. Time spent traveling in motor vehicles for 120 minutes or more was reported among 27.6% of the sample. The prevalence of walking and bicycling as a means of transportation for at least 150 minutes per week was 34% and 4.4%, respectively. Achieving at least 150 minutes of leisure time physical activity a week was reported by 18.4% of the sample. This study suggests negative associations between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and active transport, with significant trend associations in stratified analyses. No significant associations were found between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and leisure time physical activity.

Comportamientos sedentarios se asocian con una menor actividad física. Existen pocas evidencias sobre esta asociación en relación con el tiempo de viaje en América latina. Se examinó la asociación entre el tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y los niveles de actividad física en los dominios de actividad física en el tiempo libre y transporte, en adultos colombianos de zonas urbanas. Se realizó un análisis de datos secundarios de la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición de 2010. El tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y actividad física se evaluó a través del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física. Se llevaron a cabo regresiones logísticas binarias. Tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados durante 120 minutos o más, fue reportado por el 27,6% de la muestra. La prevalencia de caminar y montar en bicicleta como medio de transporte fue de 34% y 4,4%, respectivamente. Realizar por lo menos 150 minutos a la semana de actividad física en el tiempo libre fue reportado por el 18,4% de la muestra. Este estudio sugiere asociaciones negativas entre tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y transporte activo, con tendencias significativas en análisis estratificados. No hubo diferencias significativas entre tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y actividad física en el tiempo libre.

Comportamentos sedentários estão associados com menos atividade física. Pouca evidência existe sobre esta associação relacionada ao tempo de viagem na América Latina. Este estudo analisou a associação entre o tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e os níveis de atividade física, nos domínios e atividade física de lazer e transporte entre adultos Colombianos em áreas urbanas. Uma análise secundária da Pesquisa Nacional de Nutrição de 2010 foi realizada. O tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e atividade física foram avaliados utilizando Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física. Regressões logísticas binárias foram realizados. O tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor por 120 minutos ou mais foi relatado em 27,6% da amostra. A prevalência de caminhar ou andar de bicicleta para o transporte de pelo menos 150 minutos por semana foi de 34,0% e 4,4%, respectivamente. Alcançar pelo menos 150 minutos de atividade física de lazer em uma semana foi relatado em 18,4% da amostra. Este estudo sugere associações negativas entre tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e transporte ativo, com associações significativas de tendências na análise estratificada. Não houve diferenças significativas encontradas entre tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e atividade física de lazer.

Sedentary behaviors are associated with less physical activity. Little evidence exists about this association and its relation with commuting time in Latin America. This study examined the association between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and physical activity levels in the domains of leisure time physical activity and transportation, among Colombian adults in urban areas. A secondary data analysis of the 2010 National Nutrition Survey was conducted. Time spent traveling in motor vehicles and physical activity were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Binary logistic regressions were conducted. Time spent traveling in motor vehicles for 120 minutes or more was reported among 27.6% of the sample. The prevalence of walking and bicycling as a means of transportation for at least 150 minutes per week was 34% and 4.4%, respectively. Achieving at least 150 minutes of leisure time physical activity a week was reported by 18.4% of the sample. This study suggests negative associations between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and active transport, with significant trend associations in stratified analyses. No significant associations were found between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and leisure time physical activity.

Comportamientos sedentarios se asocian con una menor actividad física. Existen pocas evidencias sobre esta asociación en relación con el tiempo de viaje en América latina. Se examinó la asociación entre el tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y los niveles de actividad física en los dominios de actividad física en el tiempo libre y transporte, en adultos colombianos de zonas urbanas. Se realizó un análisis de datos secundarios de la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición de 2010. El tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y actividad física se evaluó a través del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física. Se llevaron a cabo regresiones logísticas binarias. Tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados durante 120 minutos o más, fue reportado por el 27,6% de la muestra. La prevalencia de caminar y montar en bicicleta como medio de transporte fue de 34% y 4,4%, respectivamente. Realizar por lo menos 150 minutos a la semana de actividad física en el tiempo libre fue reportado por el 18,4% de la muestra. Este estudio sugiere asociaciones negativas entre tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y transporte activo, con tendencias significativas en análisis estratificados. No hubo diferencias significativas entre tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y actividad física en el tiempo libre.

Feeding systems can play an important role, not only in beef farm profitability but also in animal health and performance. Fourteen Avilena-Negra Iberica bulls, with an initial weight of 270 kg (SE 22.6 kg) and aged 223 d (SE 16.2) were used to study the effect of two feeding systems on ruminal pH and temperature and animal performance when calves were kept in loose housing conditions. Feeding systems were barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain-based concentrate plus barley straw (CONC) and maize (Zea mays L.) silage-based total mixed ration (TMR). Internal wireless boluses were used to collect pH and temperature values every 10 min throughout the measurement period (15 d). Diet did not modify (P > 0.10) average daily gain, carcass weight, dressing percentage, ruminal mucosa color, or papilla counts. Papilla width and papilla width/lamina propria thickness were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in TMR than in CONC animals. Time spent below ruminal pH thresholds of 7.0, 6.6, 6.2, and 5.8 and the corresponding areas under the curve were higher (P < 0.05) for animals fed under the TMR system. No significant changes were observed between experimental treatments in parameters related to ruminal temperature or estimated number of times that the animals were drinking during the day (P > 0.10). Although animal performance is not affected, feeding fattening calves on a concentrate plus barley straw diet can result in better rumen conditions than using maize silage-based TMR.

O câncer cervical constitui problema de saúde da maior importância nos países em desenvolvimento tais como a Bolívia. O papel de certos genótipos de papilomavirus humano (HPVs) na patologia do câncer cervical está bem estabelecido. A prevalência da infecção pelo HPV nas mulheres sexualmente ativas varia amplamente. Contudo, as informações existentes acerca da infecção pelo HPV na Bolivia são muito escassas, especialmente nas zonas rurais, nomeadamente na região amazônica do país. Foram estudadas 135 mulheres saudáveis, residentes em quatro localidades do Amazonas Boliviano. Foi detectada a presença de HPV no DNA extraído de esfregaços cervicais, utilizando o método de hibridização em linha reversa. A prevalência da infecção por HVP, encontrada nas localidades rurais, foi de 5,9% (variação entre 0-16,6%). Estes valores foram inesperadamente baixos, uma vez que a Bolívia é um país com alta incidência de câncer cervical. O fato da população do Amazonas parecer estar menos exposta ao HPV leva-nos a pensar que outros fatores de risco, inclusive estilos de vida e fatores genéticos, poderiam ter alguma relevância no desenvolvimento do câncer cervical nesta população.

Cervical cancer constitutes a major health problem in developing countries like Bolivia. The roles of certain genotypes of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer is well established. The prevalence of HPV infection among sexually active women varies greatly. Information regarding HPV infection in Bolivia is very much scarce, specially in regions like the Amazonian lowland. We studied 135 healthy women living in four rural localities of the Bolivian Amazon. Presence of HPV in DNA extracted from cervical swabs was analyzed using a reverse line hybridization assay. The estimated overall HPV infection prevalence among the studied rural localities was 5.9% (ranging from 0-16.6%). These values were unexpectedly low considering Bolivia has a high incidence of cervical cancer. The fact that Amazonian people seem to be less exposed to HPV, makes it likely that some other risk factors including host lifestyle behaviors and genetic background may be involved in the development of cervical cancer in this population.